Capillary barrier performance in heterogeneous porous media

The effects of heterogeneities on the performance of capillary barriers is investigated by numerically simulating three systems comprised of a fine soil layer overlying a coarse gravel layer with (1) homogeneous, (2) layered heterogeneous, and (3) random heterogeneous property fields. The amount of lateral diversion above the coarse layer under steady state infiltration conditions is compared among the simulations. Results indicate that the performance of capillary barriers can be significantly influenced by the spatial variability of hydraulic properties. In the layered heterogeneous systems, realizations with highly stratified regions within the fine layer performed best and resulted in localized capillary barriers that delayed breakthrough into the coarse layer. In contrast, realizations of the random heterogeneous system performed worst because of channeled flow that produced numerous localized regions of breakthrough into the coarse layer. Results of the homogeneous model were comparable to the mean results of the layered heterogeneous realizations, but homogeneous results underpredicted the frequency and amount of breakthrough for all realizations of the random heterogeneous system. These results indicate that homogeneous models can be used to estimate the average behavior of layered heterogeneous systems with reasonable accuracy. In addition, engineered capillary barriers may be improved through emplacement and packing methods that induce highly stratified features within the fine layer of a capillary barrier system