Dynamic changes in meningeal inflammation correspond to clinical exacerbations in a murine model of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Abstract Inflammation in the meninges, tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord that enclose the cerebrospinal fluid, closely parallels clinical exacerbations in relapsing–remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In preclinical disease, an influx of innate immune cells precedes loss of blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and large-scale inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). T cell infiltration into the meninges is observed in acute disease as well as during relapse, when neither BBB permeability nor significant increases in peripherally-derived immune cell numbers in the CNS are observed. These findings support the idea that the meninges are a gateway for immune cell access into the CNS, a finding that has important therapeutic implications.