Open-top chamber and field exposure of Sitka spruce to simulated acid mist: a comparison of results

Sitka spruce seedlings grown in pots of compost in open-top chambers (OTCs) or outside, in an agricultural loam soil, in different years, were treated with pH 2.5 acid mist comprising an equimolar solution, of H 2SO 4 and NH 4NO 3 at 1.6 mol m −3. The effects of rain, and frequency of acid mist applications on visible injury, nutrition and frost hardiness were evaluated in the OTC experiment. Similar evaluations were undertaken in the field where application frequency was dependent on windspeed, rain and direct sunlight. Rain washing significantly ameliorated the effect of acid mist on frost hardiness in OTCs. In the field experiment there was no effect of acid mist treatment. Increasing the frequency of misting in OTCs for the same exposure exacerbated the detrimental effects of acid mist, causing both visible damage and further increasing the sensitivity of the acid treated trees to freezing temperatures. The results show that the treatment environment can both ameliorate and exacerbate treatment effects.