Effect of PU.1 Phosphorylation on Interaction with NF-EM5 and Transcriptional Activation

PU.1 recruits the binding of a second B cell-restricted nuclear factor, NF-EM5, to a DNA site in the immunoglobulin κ 3′ enhancer. DNA binding by NF-EM5 requires a protein-protein interaction with PU.1 and specific DNA contacts. Dephosphorylated PU.1 bound to DNA but did not interact with NF-EM5. Analysis of serine-to-alanine mutations in PU.1 indicated that serine 148 (Ser$^{148}$) is required for protein-protein interaction. PU.1 produced in bacteria did not interact with NF-EM5. Phosphorylation of bacterially produced PU.1 by purified casein kinase II modified it to a form that interacted with NF-EM5 and that recruited NF-EM5 to bind to DNA. Phosphopeptide analysis of bacterially produced PU.1 suggested that Ser$^{148}$ is phosphorylated by casein kinase II. This site is also phosphorylated in vivo. Expression of wild-type PU.1 increased expression of a reporter construct containing the PU.1 and NF-EM5 binding sites nearly sixfold, whereas the Ser$^{148}$ mutant form only weakly activated transcription. These results demonstrate that phosphorylation of PU.1 at Ser$^{148}$ is necessary for interaction with NF-EM5 and suggest that this phosphorylation can regulate transcriptional activity.