Improving soil fertility with different multiple cropping patterns in upland red soil

Red soil is an important soil type that covers a large area, experiences excellent climate conditions and has great potential for exploitation. It is an important production base for grain, oil, cotton and fruit. Long-term significant leaching and weathering has resulted in low natural fertility of red soils. Scientific and rational use of the land, and associated improvements in soil structure and increased soil fertility, would be conducive to the sustainable development of farmland ecosystems, to better reflect the value of these farmland ecosystems. Studying the effects of cropping patterns on soil fertility improvements in upland red soil could provide a theoretical basis for recommendations or guidelines for sustainable and efficient cropping systems. Vigorous promotion of the use of green manure in winter is an effective measure to promote farming ecosystem sustainability in upland red soils.