Impact of Terrain Altitude and Cloud Height on Ozone Remote Sensing from Satellite

Terrain and cloud height heavily impact ozone information despite ozone being concentrated in the stratosphere. The ozone weighting function (OWF) provides important information towards understanding the capabilities and limitations of a given channel. The factors that impact the OWF can be analyzed using radiative transfer theory and modeling. At the 9.6-m infrared spectral region, both the OWF values and peaks are related to the surface temperature, terrain altitude, and cloud height. Warmer surface temperatures, lower terrain altitude, or lower cloud levels will give larger weighting function values, and the peak of the weighting function slightly increases with the increase in surface temperature, terrain altitude, or cloud height. For longer UV bands such as 306 and 318 nm, OWF shows smaller values for higher terrains, while showing larger values when clouds are present. However, in the shorter UV bands such as 274 and 288 nm, OWF has almost no relationship with the surface and clouds. Therefore, with satellite-based infrared ozone remote sensing, high terrain and cloud presence will reduce ozone sensitivity and information content. In addition, for UV bands, the effect is spectrally dependent: lower terrain altitude and the presence of clouds will increase the zone information content in the longer UV band, but they have no effect in the short UV band. A simulation of an ozone retrieval in the infrared band shows that higher terrain results in lower precision for colder emitting surface temperatures and less ozone absorption signal.