A switch from Si(OH) sub(4) to NO sub(3) super(-) depletion in the glacial Southern Ocean

Phytoplankton in the Antarctic deplete silicic acid (Si(OH) sub(4)) to a far greater extent than they do nitrate (NO sub(3) super(-)). This pattern can be reversed by the addition of iron which dramatically lowers diatom Si(OH) sub(4):NO sub(3) super(-) uptake ratios. Higher iron supply during glacial times would thus drive the Antarctic towards NO sub(3) super(-) depletion with excess Si(OH) sub(4) remaining in surface waters. New [delta] super(30)Si and [delta] super(15)N records from Antarctic sediments confirm diminished Si(OH) sub(4) use and enhanced NO sub(3) super(-) depletion during the last three glaciations. The present low-Si(OH) sub(4) water is transported northward to at least the subtropics. We postulate that the glacial high-Si(OH) sub(4) water similarly may have been transported to the subtropics and beyond. This input of Si(OH) sub(4) may have caused diatoms to displace coccolithophores at low latitudes, weakening the carbonate pump and increasing the depth of organic matter remineralization. These effects may have lowered glacial atmospheric pCO sub(2) by as much as 60 ppm.