Urban Ecological Infrastructure based on ecosystem services：status，problems and perspectives

Cities are complex socio-economic-natural ecosystems dominated by human activities, which define land use patterns. Urban ecological infrastructure is the important foundation of urban sustainable development and also the substantial guarantee of eco-city development. Ecosystem service is the core and key of urban ecological infrastructure construction. Ecosystem services provided by ecological infrastructure in urban areas include air purification, climate regulation, noise reduction, waste treatment, food supply, water flow regulation and runoff mitigation, urban temperature regulation, moderation of environmental extremes, pollination and seed dispersal, recreation and cognitive development, animal sighting and ecosystem disservices. With rapid urbanization, it is of great importance to ensure the structural integrity and functional perfection of the ecological infrastructure. The complex ecological effect and its evaluation methods of urban impervious surface, including urban flooding, heat island effect, atmospheric haze, noise, water and soil pollution, habitant loss and biodiversity reduction, and biogeochernical cycle change, were also comprehensively summarized in this paper. For future study, six perspectives on ecological infrastructure were put forward in this article.