Walking, hiking and running in parks: A multidisciplinary assessment of health and well-being benefits

•We assessed the benefits of physical park activity with a multi-disciplinary approach.•Visitor surveys revealed improvements in numerous health and well-being indicators.•Energy expenditure of park visitors was estimated based on GPS tracking trip data.•Two different methods for energy expenditure estimation were trialled.•Walkers, hikers, runners burned amounts of energy indicative of an active lifestyle. As our populations become more urbanised, public green space will assume key functions in the promotion of the health and well-being of the populace. We assessed the beneficial outcomes of physical activities undertaken in Australian national parks using a questionnaire-based survey combined with GPS tracking of walkers, hikers, and runners. We estimated energy expenditure of park visitors based on GPS tracking trip data using two different estimation methods. Park visitors perceived considerable improvement in numerous health and well-being indicators; many of which increased with increasing activity levels. We found that hikers burned the greatest amount of net energy (916kcal) as they preferred more difficult tracks with greater slopes, followed by runners (790kcal) and walkers (450kcal). For many walkers and hikers, physical activity was incidental to other activities such as sightseeing, socialising, and experiencing nature; such activities, thus, deserve highlighting when promoting attributes of parks and other public green spaces. GPS tracking allowed for sampling a broad population of park visitors at a participation rate of 80%, and the calculation of additional trip characteristics such as trip distance and velocity. Identifying health and well-being benefits via an inter-disciplinary approach using GPS tracking data to determine the intensity and spatio-temporal distributions of physical activity in relation to different park infrastructure is a promising area for attention to raise awareness of the direct benefits of visiting public green spaces.