Capillary electrophoresis – A new tool for ionic analysis of exhaled breath condensate

▸ A new device for rapid collection of exhaled breath condensate was developed. ▸ Small ions in exhaled breath condensate have been analyzed by CE for the first time. ▸ Anions and cations were analyzed simultaneously. ▸ Increase in levels of airway inflammation inflammatory mediators was observed. ▸ Developed sampling and CE method may have impact on point of care diagnostics. Exhaled breath condensate has been analyzed for its ionic content by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductometric detection. A simple device for collection of small volumes (100–200μL) of exhaled breath condensate in less than 2min was developed. A method for simultaneous determination of inorganic cations, inorganic anions and organic anions from the samples using dual-opposite end injection principle with a short fused silica capillary (35cm, 50μm I.D.) was developed. A background electrolyte composed of 20mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 20mM l-histidine, 30μM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 2mM 18-crown-6 was used. The analysis time was less than 3min with limits of detection reaching low μM levels for most of the anions and cations. It has been shown that changes of nitrite could be observed in acute inflammation of upper airways and in a person with diagnosed mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while changes of other ions could also be observed. Lactate concentrations could also be monitored and about 4-fold increase of lactate concentration in exhaled breath condensate was determined following an exhaustive cycling exercise. The developed non-invasive sampling of exhaled breath condensate, followed by rapid capillary electrophoretic analysis, could be very useful in lung inflammatory disease screening as well as in monitoring fast metabolic processes such as lactate build-up and removal.