Regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors by two novel RNA thermometers

In a number of bacterial pathogens, the production of virulence factors is induced at 37 °C; this effect is often regulated by mRNA structures formed in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) that block translation initiation of genes at environmental temperatures. At 37 °C, the RNA structures become unstable and ribosomes gain access to their binding sites in the mRNAs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen and the expression of many of its virulence-associated traits is regulated by the quorum-sensing (QS) response, but the effect of temperature on virulence-factor expression is not well-understood. The aim of this work is the characterization of the molecular mechanism involved in thermoregulation of QS-dependent virulence-factor production. We demonstrate that traits that are dependent on the QS transcriptional regulator RhlR have a higher expression at 37 °C, correlating with a higher RhlR concentration as measured by Western blot. We also determined, using gene fusions and point mutations, that RhlR thermoregulation is a posttranscriptional effect dependent on an RNA thermometer of the ROSE (Repression Of heat-Shock gene Expression) family. This RNA element regulates the expression of the rhlAB operon, involved in rhamnolipid production, and of the downstream rhlR gene. We also identified a second functional thermometer in the 5′ UTR of the lasI gene. We confirmed that these RNA thermometers are the main mechanism of thermoregulation of QS-dependent gene expression in P. aeruginosa using quantitative real-time PCR. This is the first description, to our knowledge, of a ROSE element regulating the expression of virulence traits and of an RNA thermometer controlling multiple genes in an operon through a polar effect. Significance Several bacteria that are pathogens of humans regulate the production of virulence factors in response to temperature changes, expressing them only at 37 °C. This thermoregulation is commonly due to the presence of RNA structures (RNA thermometers) in the 5′ regions of transcripts specifying regulatory proteins responsible for the expression of virulence-associated traits. At environmental conditions, RNA thermometers possess structures that block translation initiation of mRNAs, whereas at body temperature these structures are no longer stable, allowing the synthesis of their corresponding proteins. We report for the first time, to our knowledge, the molecular basis of thermoregulation of virulence-factor pro