Estimation of permafrost thickness using ground geophysical measurements, and its usage for defining vertical temperature variations in continental ice and underlying bedrock

In bedrock covered by continental ice, the depth to electrically conductive saline waters enriched below permafrost can be defined by electromagnetic measurements. Thus, if the ice thickness is also measured we obtain estimates of permafrost thickness variations in the survey area. Moreover, using the relation between ice and permafrost thicknesses and approximations of the melting temperature of saline waters combined with the average annual temperature at the surface, we can estimate temperature variations within both the bedrock and the ice. These can further be used for estimating the temperature values at the ice base. The method was developed for interpreting two geophysical field profiles measured on continental ice in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Gravity, magnetic and electromagnetic profiles were measured between the nunataks Basen and Plogen ( approximately 22 km) and Basen and Fossilryggen ( approximately 38 km). In the Basen-Fossilryggen profile the electromagnetic soundings revealed good conductors in the bedrock beneath the ice. The significant correlation between the ice thickness and the depth of the conductor in the bedrock strongly suggests that the conductors are not sedimentary rock layers but rather saline groundwater in which salinity has been enhanced by permafrost processes. From the regression curve we can conclude that the temperature vs depth curve in the ice can be represented by a first-degree line and that the "warm" ice base of about -2 degree C is expected to occur at depths of about 650 m, the base of permafrost in outcropping bedrock being at about 1 km. The mean temperature gradients in the ice and in the bedrock can be estimated as being about 20 degree C km super(-1) and 13 degree C km super(-1), respectively. In the Basen-Plogen profile, conductors were detected only in the beginning of the profile, where ice thickness was below 650 m. In the main part of the profile where the ice thickness exceeds 650 m, no conductors were observed. In those areas our interpretation is that the ice base is "warm" and no saline waters enriched by permafrost are present.