A review of chemical surface modification of bioceramics: Effects on protein adsorption and cellular response

Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are ideal biomaterials for bone repair because of the similarities between their chemical structure and the mineral phase of hard biological tissues (e.g., bones and teeth). Since CaP bone grafts exhibit superior biocompatibility and strong osseointegration properties, they have been widely investigated for use as an in situ carrier for delivery of anti-resorptive and osteogenic drugs. The surface properties of CaP govern the affinity and the binding mechanisms between biological macromolecules (e.g., proteins) and the CaP surface, which indirectly determines the interactions between bone cells and implanted CaP biomaterials. These surface properties ultimately play a pivotal role in determining the success of CaP as bone implants and/or drug carriers. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the current methodologies used to regulate the surface chemistry of CaP and their subsequent effects in regards to protein adsorption and delivery, as well as cell/materials interactions.