Shi'ism, Humanity and Revolution in Twentieth-Century India: Selfhood and Politics in the Husainology of 'Ali Naqi Naqvi

The story of Imam Husain's martyrdom at Karbala has been told with variant emphases and interpretations in different historical contexts. This article examines one of the most famous modern tellings of this narrative: that of 'Ali Naqi Naqvi, arguably South Asia's most influential Shi'i mujtahid of the twentieth century. It argues that, from the 1930s-1940s, 'Ali Naqi pioneered a perspective on Imam Husain, establishing him as a model for human comportment and afigure to be actively emulated, both by Shi'as and by humanity at large. As well as having implications for transformation within Shi'ism, this reorientation of Husain's significance pre-empted its politicisation: 'Ali Naqi's message informed the incorporation of Shi'i symbology within the 1942 Quit India agitation, and in some senses exhibited parallels with the later revolutionary rendering of the Karbala message 1960s-1970s Iran. It is the range of the religious and political implications to be drawn from Ali Naqi's interpretation that have ensured both the durability, and ongoing controversy, of his Husainology.