Hot-water immersion treatment for mangoes infested with Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua, and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Brazil

'Tommy Atkins','Haden',and 'Keith' mangoes, Mangifera indica L., were subjected to hot-water treatment at 45.9-46.3 degrees C to determine the mortality of eggs and larvae of three tephritid species that infested mangoes in Brazil. Probit analysis of the data estimated the immersion time needed to achieve probit 9 (99.9968%) mortality for eggs and larvae as 39.7 and 68.5 min, respectively, for the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann); 65.7 and 65.2 min for West Indian fruit fly, A. obliqua (Macquart); and 59.4 and 79.7 min for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Differences in time-mortality relations among these species were small. An estimated population of 45,108 larvae (mostly third instar) of A. fraterculus and 15,705 of C. capitata were subjected to hot-water immersion at 45.9-46.3 degrees C for 90 min with no survivors