The Sustainability of Irrigation with Gypsiferous Mine Water and Implications for the Mining Industry in South Africa

The sustainability of irrigation with gypsiferous mine water and different irrigation management practices was evaluated using a milti-disciplinary approach, where crop response was investigated along with the impact on soil and groundwater resources. Field trials carried out at two mines (Landau and Kleinkopje Colliery, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa) indicated that a wide range of species can be cropped for commercial purposes under irrigation with this water. Chemical analyses of groundwater underlying irrigated areas indicated that contamination of groundwater did not occur after three years. The results of a glasshouse trial indicated that the inclusion of NH4+ for N-fertilization in a NO3−-NH4+ ratio of 2:1 to 1:1 is advantageous to root and top growth of wheat. According to simulations run with the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model and the CLIMGEN weather data generator, soil chemical and physical properties will not be irreparably damaged after thirty years of irrigation. Perennial pastures, irrigated at high frequency, provided the highest net farm income and water utilization.