Seasonal variations of susceptibility to oxidative stress in Adamussium colbecki, a key bioindicator species for the Antarctic marine environment

The area of free radical biology is of increasing interest for marine organisms since the enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common pathway of toxicity induced by stressful environmental conditions. In polar environments responses of the antioxidant system could be useful as an early detection biomarkers of unforeseen effects of human activities which are progressively increasing in these remote areas. However, the characterization of antioxidant defences in appropriate sentinel species is of particular value also in terms of a possible adaptation to this extreme environment. The scallop, Adamussium colbecki, is a key species for monitoring the Antarctic environment and, besides single antioxidants, the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay has been recently used for quantifying the overall ability of this organism to neutralize peroxyl radicals (ROO · ), hydroxyl radicals ( · OH) and peroxynitrite (HOONO). The aim of this work was to obtain a better characterization of these biological responses which can indicate the occurrence of biological disturbance; in this study the total oxyradical scavenging capacity was further analyzed to assess the presence of seasonal fluctuations in the susceptibility to oxidative stress in this species. The capability to neutralize peroxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals increased at the end of December, while resistance towards peroxynitrite did not show any significant variations during the Antarctic summer. These results suggest the occurrence of metabolic changes which mainly influence intracellular formation of ROO · and · OH, with more limited effects on HOONO. Despite the limited time window analyzed, as a typical constraint in Antarctic research at Terra Nova Bay, an increased resistance to these specific oxyradicals might be related to the period of highest feeding activity, or to other intrinsic factors in the animals’ physiology such as the phase of reproductive cycle.