Man and mammals of Metropolitan France: historical evolution and introductions of species in wetlands and aquatic systems

Due to his various activities, man has modified the mammal fauna in Metropolitan France. He has been responsible for some species extinctions, and has also both reintroduced native species and introduced non-native species. Among the 18 mammal species which may be found - to different extents - in wetlands and aquatic systems, 7 are introduced species; most of them escaped from captivity. Originally, these new species were mainly imported for their fur, although some were introduced for game and leisure. The main periods of introduction of exotic mammals in the Metropolitan areas started at the end of the nineteenth century and again in the 1960s. After this, further introductions, mostly accidental, were noticed. The scientific and naturalist communities have for a long time been concerned with the often harmful consequences of these introductions. In order to stop any further uncontrolled developments, regulations have been recently tightened, whilst reintroductions are supported and considered as tools for the management and conservation of the natural heritage.