Sedimentation and entrainment in dense layers of suspended particles stirred by an oscillating grid

Many flows, including those containing suspended particles, are kept turbulent by the action of the bottom stress, and this turbulence is also responsible for maintaining sedimenting particles in suspension and in some cases entraining more particles from the bed. A convenient one-dimensional analogue of these processes is provided by laboratory experiments conducted in a mixing box, where a characterizable turbulence is generated by the vertical oscillation of a horizontal grid. In the present paper we report the results of a series of experiments with a grid located close to the bottom boundary to simulate the action of stresses acting at a rough boundary, and compare the results with those obtained using the more extensively studied geometry in which a similar grid is located in the interior of a stirred fluid layer. Experiments have been conducted both with dense, particle-free fluid layers and with layers containing sufficiently high concentrations of dense particles to have a significant effect on the bulk density. In the fluid case, the interface at the top of the stirred dense layer continues to rise as lighter fluid is entrained across the interface. Sediment layers are distinctly different, because the particles responsible for the density difference between the layers can fall out of the suspension as it changes in thickness. The work done in keeping particles in suspension and the effect of this on the turbulence above the grid must be taken into account. The mechanism of resuspension of particles depends on the level of turbulence near the bottom boundary, below the grid. As the stirring rate, and thus the intensity of turbulence, are increased three possible equilibrium states can be attained sequentially: the particles eventually all precipitate; or some particles precipitate while the remainder are held indefinitely in suspension; or all the particles are suspended. In the last two cases a stable, self-limited suspension layer is produced, separated from the overlying fluid by a sharp density interface at a fixed height. Theoretical arguments are presented which provide a satisfactory scaling of the experimental data. These are compared with previous theories and numerical experiments aimed at modelling both the one-dimensional problem and the corresponding processes in turbulent gravity currents. Comparisons are also made with sediment-laden channel flows and convecting layers containing sedimenting particles. Similar results will hold for