Amelioration and reforestation of sulfurous mine soils in Lusatia (Eastern Germany)

In Germany nearly 1.550 km super(2) have been claimed by brown coal mining until now. Mine soils formed of carboniferous and sulfurous overburden are classified as 'sulfurous mine soils'. They remain vegetation-free for decades and may be cultivated only after soil amelioration. The objective of amelioration is a sustained improvement of soil reaction. Lime requirement for the achievement of a certain pH-value is calculated from acid-base-balance (SBB). Lime fertilizers and base-rich brown coal ashes are used for amelioration. As ashes have several advantages, their application is recommended. The ameliorative application of lime fertilizer or brown coal ash should be incorporated intensively into the soil to a depth of 60 cm, better 100 cm. Amelioration includes a mineral fertilization with N, P and K. Afforestations with Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra, Larix decidua, Larix eurolepis, Tilia cordata, Quercus rubra and Quercus petraea on ameliorated mine soils show surprising good results. Multi-species stands have very positive effects on soil formation. Raw humus is formed under pine and larch, and under deciduous trees moder and mull with higher bioactivity and better development of water and nutrient balance in the topsoil are found.