Dynamic coupling of pore-scale and reservoir-scale models for multiphase flow

The concept of coupling pore‐scale and continuum‐scale models for subsurface flow has long been viewed as beneficial, but implementation has been slow. In this paper, we present an algorithm for direct coupling of a dynamic pore‐network model for multiphase flow with a traditional continuum‐scale simulator. The ability to run the two models concurrently (exchanging parameters and boundary conditions in real numerical time) is made possible by a new dynamic pore‐network model that allows simultaneous injection of immiscible fluids under either transient‐state or steady‐state conditions. Allowing the pore‐scale model to evolve to steady state during each time step provides a unique method for reconciling the dramatically different time and length scales across the coupled models. The model is implemented by embedding networks in selected gridblocks in the reservoir model. The network model predicts continuum‐scale parameters such as relative permeability or average capillary pressure from first principles, which are used in the continuum model. In turn, the continuum reservoir simulator provides boundary conditions from the current time step back to the network model to complete the coupling process. The model is tested for variable‐rate immiscible displacements under conditions in which relative permeability depends on flow rate, thus demonstrating a situation that cannot be modeled using a traditional approach. The paper discusses numerical challenges with this approach, including the fact that there is not a way to explicitly force pore‐scale phase saturation to equal the continuum saturation in the host gridblock without an artificial constraint. Hurdles to implementing this type of modeling in practice are also discussed. Key Points By providing real time relative permeability, it can respond to changes in Ca Discrepancy between pore and continuum saturations must be addressed Multiscale rate dependent simulations show unique results