Lead intake and blood lead in two-year-old U.K. urban children

A comprehensive study of a group of 2-year-old urban children ( n = 97), designed to provide quantitative information simultaneously for lead intakes via all identified pathways, has been carried out in Birmingham (U.K.). Results showed that for children whose blood levels and exposure to environmental lead were within the normal range for the U.K., blood lead concentration was significantly related to a combination of house dust lead loading and an overall rate of touching objects, to water lead concentration and to the parents' smoking habits. On the basis of assumptions used by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP), the estimated average total uptake of lead was 36 μg day −1; of this, 97% was from ingestion from dust, food and water and only 3% from inhalation.