Using flow cytometry and cytological analyses to assess the genetic stability of somatic embryo-derived plantlets from embryogenic Musa acuminata Colla (AA) ssp. malaccensis cell suspension cultures

Flow cytometry and chromosome counts were used to analyze the genetic stability of plants regenerated via Musa acuminata Colla (AA) ssp. malaccensis embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) cultures. These cultures were initiated from immature zygotic embryos (IZE) on Murashige and Skoog medium using nine different plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments. Highest percentage of embryogenic calli (EC) formation occurred on media with 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 97 %), and 8.2 μM of picloram (Pi, 80 %) followed by 2.2 μM 2,4-D (75 %). Embryonic development was synchronized in liquid medium by filtration, and somatic embryo development was achieved with ECS aliquots overlaid on PGR-free medium. The EC medium composition and elapsed time of both short-term (~5 months old) and long-term (~2 years old) ECS cultures influenced plant regeneration, resulting in 65–99 % embryo germination and 50 to 100 % plant conversion. The mean 2C DNA content (1.23 ± 0.002 pg) and chromosome number (2n = 2x = 22) of M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis IZEs, seedlings and sucker plantlets were similar to the reported values. No significant differences were detected among IZEs before culturing, and none were found among the IZEs and leaves of control plants and the plants regenerated from short-term ECS lines when initiated with 2,4-D or Pi vis- -vis the accession from which they originated. However, plants regenerated from the long-term ECS-L3 culture remained diploid, had the highest DNA content (2C = 1.283 ± 0.01 pg) and were clearly separate from the other regenerated and control plants.