Protein Kinase C-[thetas] Clustering at Immunological Synapses Amplifies Effector Responses in NK Cells

In lymphocytes, stimulation of cell surface activating receptors induces the formation of protein microclusters at the plasma membrane that contain the receptor itself, along with other signaling molecules. Although these microclusters are generally thought to be crucial for promoting downstream cellular responses, evidence that specifically links clustering potential to signaling output is lacking. We found that protein kinase C-[thetas] (PKC[thetas]), a key signaling molecule in multiple lymphocyte subsets, formed microclusters in activated NK cells. These microclusters coalesced within the immunological synapse between the NK cell and its target cell. Clustering was mediated by the regulatory region of PKC[thetas] and specifically required a putative phosphotyrosine-binding site within its N-terminal C2 domain. Whereas expression of wild-type PKC[thetas] rescued the cytokine production defect displayed by PKC[thetas]-deficient NK cells, expression of a PKC[thetas] point-mutant incapable of forming microclusters had little to no effect. Hence, PKC[thetas] clustering was necessary for optimal effector function. Notably, only receptors containing ITAMs induced PKC[thetas] microclusters on their own, explaining previous observations that ITAM-coupled receptors promote stronger activating signals and effector responses than do receptors lacking these motifs. Taken together, our results provide a cell biological basis for the role of PKC[thetas] clustering during NK cell activation, and highlight the importance of subcellular compartmentalization for lymphocyte signal transduction.