Experimental assessment of the phonon confinement in TiO sub(2) anatase nanocrystallites by Raman spectroscopy

TiO sub(2) aerogels prepared by sol-gel method and followed by supercritical drying have been annealed at temperatures ranging between 400 and 550 degree C. The obtained TiO sub(2) anatase crystallites with the mean size between 6.4 and 13.9nm, as obtained from transmission electron microscopy measurements, have been further investigated by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the peak position and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the TiO sub(2) anatase Raman bands located around 144, 398, and 638cm super(-1) are influenced by crystallite dimension. These spectral changes can be assigned to the combined action of several nanosize effects such as phonon confinement, phonon coupling, strain, and stoichiometry defects. Surprisingly, the best discrimination of the FWHM change with the nanocrystallite mean size was achieved for the 638cm super(-1) band, whereas the best discrimination for the peak position was found for the 398cm super(-1) band. The critical size values obtained from the peak position and FWHM evaluation were between 12.7 and 13.1nm. Taking into consideration that only the phonon confinement and inhomogeneous strain can induce an asymmetric broadening of the Raman signal, the bands asymmetry was evaluated, and the critical size values of the nanocrystallites were determined to be between 10 and 11nm. For a symmetric size distribution of TiO sub(2) anatase crystallites with dimensions between 6.4 and 13.9nm, the obtained result indicates that the phonon confinement contribution to the overall size effects is more than 75%. No evidence about the influence of the phonon coupling and vacancies on the Raman features was observed. The comparison of the data derived from the experimental analysis with those obtained by applying the theoretical phonon confinement model indicates the necessity of developing an improved phonon confinement model. The asymmetry approach can be applied for a great variety of nanostructures, as a measure of the confinement effect. Copyright copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The spectral changes of the 144, 398, and 638cm super(-1) TiO sub(2) anatase Raman bands associated with various nanosize effects are evaluated. The critical size values of the nanocrystallites obtained from the peak position and FWHM assessment are found to be between 12.7 and 13.1nm, whereas those achieved from the band asymmetry analysis, related to the phonon confinement, were between 10 and 11nm. The use of this experimental approach, which