A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the β-Adrenergic Receptor Promotes Partial Agonist Activity from Antagonists

The family of G-protein-linked receptors includes many important pharmacological targets, of which the β-adrenergic receptor is one of the best characterized. A better understanding of those factors that determine whether a ligand functions as an antagonist or as an agonist would facilitate the development of pharmaceutical agents that act at these receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis of the hamster β2-adrenergic receptor has implicated the conserved Asp113 residue in the third hydrophobic domain of the receptor in the interaction with cationic amine agonists and antagonists (Strader, C. D., Sigal, I. S., Candelore, M. R., Rands, E., Hill, W. S., and Dixon, R. A. F. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10267–10271). We now report that substitution of Asp113 with a glutamic acid residue results in a mutant β-adrenergic receptor which recognizes several known β-adrenergic antagonists as partial agonists. This partial agonist activity requires the presence of a carboxylate side chain on the amino acid residue at position 113 and is not observed when an asparagine residue is substituted at this position. These observations support the existence of overlapping binding sites for agonists and antagonists on the β-adrenergic receptor and demonstrate that genetic engineering of receptors can complement structure-activity studies of ligands in defining the molecular interactions involved in receptor activation.