Neuro-Ophthalmology in Japan

In 1959, 10 Japanese neuro-ophthalmologists formed the Neuro-ophthalmology Group. With the approval of the Japanese Ophthalmology Society, a scientific session on neuro-ophthalmology took place in 1964 at the annual congress of Japan Clinical Ophthalmology. This session took place every year until 1973, when it was reorganized into the Society for the Study of Neuro-ophthalmology and 2-day annual meeting was begun under the leadership of Dr Satoshi Ishikawa (Fig. 1). In 1980, the organization was renamed the Japanese Neuro-ophthalmology Society (JNOS). A formal membership system in JNOS was created in 1984, and the official journal, the Japanese Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology (Shinkei Ganka), has been published quarterly since then. In 1985, in Hakone, Japan, JNOS hosted the sixth meeting of the International Neuro-ophthalmology Society (INOS), the 14th International Pupil Colloquium, and an international workshop on extraocular muscle proprioception. These meetings attracted more than 1,000 participants from 24 countries.