Chitosan-hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates: Preparation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chitosan-caffeic acid, chitosan-ferulic acid, and chitosan-sinapic acid conjugates with different grafting ratios were investigated. The synthesized chitosan-hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates were verified by performing (1)H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The antioxidant activities of the conjugates were increased compared to the unmodified chitosan, by 1.79-fold to 5.05-fold (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay), 2.44-fold to 4.12-fold (hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay), 1.34-fold to 3.35-fold (ABTS(+) radical scavenging assay), and also exhibited an increased reducing power. The conjugates also showed excellent lipid peroxidation inhibition abilities in a linoleic acid emulsion system. The conjugates exhibited antimicrobial activity against 15 clinical isolates, two standard methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and three standard methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains, as well as eight foodborne pathogens. Additionally, the conjugates showed no cytotoxic activity towards human Chang liver and mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells.