Superconducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance

A universal set of logic gates in a superconducting quantum circuit is shown to have gate fidelities at the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computing by the surface code approach, in which the quantum bits are distributed in an array of planar topology and have only nearest-neighbour couplings. Error-free quantum computing in prospect Quantum computers can only work in practice if, like conventional computers, they are fault-tolerant. This means that a system has to be in place to detect any errors and correct them. For quantum error correction such a system involves entangling several quantum bits (qubits) with each other. In the so-called surface code error-correction architecture, qubits are placed in a lattice and are entangled with four nearest neighbours. Rami Barends et al . report the construction of such a surface code system with five qubits in a row made from superconducting devices. This system performs with fidelity that is at the threshold for quantum error correction, suggesting that error-free quantum computing should be possible. The platform lends itself to scaling up to larger numbers of qubits and two-dimensional architecture. A quantum computer can solve hard problems, such as prime factoring 1 , 2 , database searching 3 , 4 and quantum simulation 5 , at the cost of needing to protect fragile quantum states from error. Quantum error correction 6 provides this protection by distributing a logical state among many physical quantum bits (qubits) by means of quantum entanglement. Superconductivity is a useful phenomenon in this regard, because it allows the construction of large quantum circuits and is compatible with microfabrication. For superconducting qubits, the surface code approach to quantum computing 7 is a natural choice for error correction, because it uses only nearest-neighbour coupling and rapidly cycled entangling gates. The gate fidelity requirements are modest: the per-step fidelity threshold is only about 99 per cent. Here we demonstrate a universal set of logic gates in a superconducting multi-qubit processor, achieving an average single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.92 per cent and a two-qubit gate fidelity of up to 99.4 per cent. This places Josephson quantum computing at the fault-tolerance threshold for surface code error correction. Our quantum processor is a first step towards the surface code, using five qubits arranged in a linear array with nearest-neighbour coupling. As a further demonstration, we construct a