Field assessment of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals and its association with the occurrence of human scrub typhus in Taiwan

Flow chart for identification of the presence of O. tsutsugamushi infection in wild-caught rodents. We conducted an extensive study in Taiwan of Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) infection in small wild mammals. Field trapping was carried out at six districts in eastern and western Taiwan as well as various offshore islands during the period 2006–2010. A total of 1061 specimens representing 11 rodent species were captured. The presence of OT infection was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction assays of 56-kDa type-specific antigen gene. The chigger infestation rate among the animals was 35% (371/1061). Among these, OT was detected in 64% (238/371) of the chiggers from the infested animals and in the spleens from 273 (34.3%) of 797 animals. Excluding animals in the Suncus murinus group, the antibody positive rate of scrub typhus was 69.1% (477 of 690 of serum samples). The prevalence of OT infection in animals from areas with a low incidence of human cases of scrub typhus was significantly lower than that in rodents obtained from regions with a high incidence of human cases of the disease (44.4%±4.0% vs. 71.2%±9.7%, p