Diurnal Cycles of Cumulus, Cumulonimbus, Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Fog from Surface Observations over Land and Ocean

A worldwide climatology of the diurnal cycles of low clouds is obtained from surface observations made eight or four times daily at 3- or 6-h intervals from weather stations and ships. Harmonic fits to the daily cycle are made for 5388 weather stations with long periods of record, and for gridded data on a 5° × 5° or 10° × 10° latitude–longitude grid over land and ocean areas separately. For all cloud types, the diurnal cycle has larger amplitude over land than over ocean, on average by a factor of 2. Diurnal cycles of cloud amount appear to be proprietary to each low cloud type, showing the same cycle regardless of whether that type dominates the diurnal cycle of cloud cover. Stratiform cloud amounts tend to peak near sunrise, while cumuliform amounts peak in the afternoon; however, cumulonimbus amounts peak in the early morning over the ocean. Small latitudinal and seasonal variation is apparent in the phase and amplitude of the diurnal cycles of each type. Land areas show more seasonality compared to ocean areas with respect to which type dominates the diurnal cycle. Multidecadal trends in low cloud cover are small and agree between day and night regardless of the local climate. Diurnal cycles of base height are much larger over land than over the ocean. For most cloud types, the bases are highest in the midafternoon or early evening.