Neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome: summarizing a complex history and evolution

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a blanket term encapsulating many different clinical entities. Neurologic or neurogenic TOS (NTOS) is its main contributor, but it remains a complicated and sometimes controversial entity. NTOS incorporates numerous types, etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, and therapeutic modalities. This article reviews the spectrum of disease within the thoracic outlet that affects the brachial plexus, with a special emphasis on the commonly afflicted sports medicine patient.