Evidence for an enterohepatic circulation of ochratoxin A in mice

The distribution and elimination of [ 3H]ochratoxin A (OTA) from stomach content and tissue, intestine content and tissue, liver, bile, serum and urine of Swiss male mice which had received a single low dose of OTA by intubation was followed as a function of time. The profiles of radioactivity do not show a smooth decline after the absorption period, but an oscillating pattern with rapid declines followed by increases which favour the assumption of an enterohepatic circulation. Between 28% and 68% of conjugated OTA together with OTA cleavage products were found in bile giving evidence for biliary excretion of OTA and its metabolites in mice. When given i.m. to mice [ 3H]OTA is already found after 30 min in bile and intestine contents and its elimination patterns show several peaks confirming the biliary excretion and the enterohepatic circulation. Cholestyramine, which is known to prevent the enterohepatic circulation of drugs and toxins, changes the profile of elimination of OTA which no longer presents the cyclic pattern. This result is also in favour of an enterohepatic circulation of OTA. When phenylalanine is given together with OTA by oral gavage the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin change completely in the different body fluids, in stomach and intestine content and tissues. Phenylalanine seems to facilitate the gastric absorption of OTA and the gastro-intestinal transit. It increases also its early excretion into urine and bile. However, its elimination pattern no longer shows the oscillating pattern. Thus phenylalanine seems to inhibit the intestinal reabsorption of OTA conjugates.