Insect cold hardiness: Freezing and supercooling—An ecophysiological perspective

The aim of this review is to focus attention on one of the fundamental principles of insect cold hardiness which has largely determined the pattern of research for the last half-century, namely that freezing is the most important lethal effect of low temperature and must be tolerated or avoided to ensure survival of the species. The review considers the methodologies of research on freezing-intolerant insects and examines the theories and conclusions which currently prevail.