Comparative neurotoxicity and pyrrole-forming potential of 2,5-hexanedione and perdeuterio-2,5-hexanedione in the rat

2,5-Hexanedione (2,5-HD), the neurotoxic metabolite of n-hexane, reacts with protein amines to form alkylpyrrole adducts. Pyrrolylation of neurofilament protein may be the initiating molecular event in 2,5-HD neuropathy. The present study compares the neurotoxic and pyrrole-forming potentials of 2,5-HD with those of perdeuterio-2,5-HD ([D 10]-2,5-HD) in the rat. Due to a requirement for CH bond breaking in the reaction mechanism, the latter derivative was expected to exhibit a primary isotope effect, thus forming the pyrrole at a slower rate. In vitro studies confirmed that [D 10]-2,5-HD pyrrolylated protein at only one-third of the intial rate seen with native 2,5-HD. Prolonged incubation resulted in similar pyrrole concentrations with both derivatives. Adult, male Wistar rats were administered daily (5 days/week) ip doses of either 3.5 mmol 2,5-HD or [D 10]-2,5-HD/kg/day for 17 days or 2.5 mmol/kg/day for 38 days. At termination, animals administered 2,5-HD and [D 10]-2,5-HD exhibited 27 and 8% body weight loss, respectively. Moderate to severe hindlimb paralysis was present in the 2,5-HD groups while only mild effects were seen in [D 10]-2,5-HD-dosed rats. Neuropathological changes were prominent in spinal cord sections from 2,5-HD-treated animals, while no effects were present in rats given the deuterated derivative. Pyrrole adduct concentrations in serum and axonal cytoskeletal proteins from 2,5-HD-treated animals were two- to threefold higher than in rats given equimolar doses of [D 10]-2,5-HD. Levels of covalent crosslinking of axonal cytoskeletal proteins (assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) appeared to correlate with pyrrole concentrations. Tissue concentrations of each diketone isomer were not significantly different, indicating similar uptake of native and deuterated 2,5-HD. Mass spectrometry revealed rapid back exchange of the terminal (methyl) but not of the internal (methylene) deuteriums of [D 10]-2,5-HD in vivo. These findings support an absolute requirement for pyrrole formation in γ-diketone neurotoxicity.