Biochemical pharmacology of N-acetyl- N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)- N'-methylurea (caracemide; NSC-253272)

Preclinical pharmacologic studies of caracemide [ N-acetyl- N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)- N'- methylurea; CAR] have demonstrated a marked instability of this compound in the presence of either phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) or human plasma. Using [1- 14C- acetyl]CAR and [ 3H- methyl- carbamoyloxy] CAR, three CAR degradation products were identified: product A, N-(methyl-carbamoyloxy) acetamide; product B: N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)-N'-methylurea; and product C: N-hydroxy- N'-methylurea. CAR degradation in human plasma was demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to occur in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. A 30-min incubation (37°) of CAR (10 −4M) with human plasma resulted in degradation of more than 55% of parent compound; at 1 hr, more than 75% of original CAR was degraded. Incubation of [1- 1+C- acetyl] CAR with rat brain homogenate resulted in the formation of 14CO 2. This reaction was partially inhibited by coincubation with physostigmine (10 −3M). CAR inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in neuroblastoma cells with an ic 50 of 14 μM. In mechanism of action studies, CAR was found to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase activity but only at nine times the ic 50 of hydroxyurea. In contrast to hydroxyurea, CAR was found to be non-cell-cycle phase-specific and non-cross-resistant with two CHO cell lines resistant to hydroxyurea. These data demonstrate the instability of CAR; moreover, they suggest that its mechanism of cytotoxicity is distinctly different from that of hydroxyurea and that the neurotoxicity associated with CAR administration may be caused in part by inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterase activity.