Cytochrome c peroxidase is a mitochondrial heme-based H₂O₂ sensor that modulates antioxidant defense

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a key signaling molecule that also induces apoptosis. Thus, cells must rapidly sense and tightly control H₂O₂ levels. Well-characterized cellular responses to exogenous H₂O₂ involve oxidation of specific cytosolic protein-based thiols but sensing of H₂O₂ generated by mitochondrial respiration is less well described. Here we provide substantial biochemical evidence that the heme enzyme Ccp1 (cytochrome c peroxidase), which is targeted to the intermembrane space, functions primarily as a mitochondrial H₂O₂ sensing and signaling protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Key evidence for a sensing role for Ccp1 is the significantly higher H₂O₂ accumulation in ccp1-null cells(ccp1Δ) vs ccp1ᵂ¹⁹¹F cells producing the catalytically inactive Ccp1ᵂ¹⁹¹F variant. In fact, intracellular H₂O₂ levels (ccp1Δ>wildtype >ccp1ᵂ¹⁹¹F) correlate inversely with the activity of the mitochondrial (and peroxisomal) heme catalase, Cta1 (ccp1Δccp1ᵂ¹⁹¹F) and ccp1Δ cells exhibit low superoxide levels. Notably, Ccp1ᵂ¹⁹¹F is a more persistent H₂O₂ signaling protein than wild-type Ccp1, and this enhanced mitochondrial H₂O₂ signaling decreases the mitochondrial fitness of ccp1ᵂ¹⁹¹F cells. However, these cells are fully protected from a bolus (0.4mM) of exogenous H₂O₂ added after 12h of growth, whereas the viability of ccp1Δ cells drops below 20%, which additionally associates Ccp1 with Yap1-dependent H₂O₂ signaling. Combined, our results strongly implicate Ccp1, independent of its peroxidase activity, in mitochondrial H₂O₂ sensing and signaling to maintain reactive oxygen species homeostasis.