Impact of shisha smoking on the extent of coronary artery disease in patients referred for coronary angiography

To study the impact of shisha smoking on the extent of coronary artery disease. Patients who underwent coronary angiography were included in this observational cohort study and were divided to four groups according to the smoking pattern: shisha smokers, cigarettes smokers, mixed smokers (shisha and cigarettes) and non-smokers. Coronary angiography was done and the severity of coronary artery disease was defined according to Duke Jeopardy Score (DJ). The study comprised of 287 consecutive patients; 22% were shisha smokers, 35% cigarette smokers, 5% mixed smokers and 38% non-smokers. Significant elevation of systolic blood pressure (p=0.009) and heart rate (p6) which was statistically significant (p=0.008) where shisha smokers showed significantly higher resting pulse (p