Computational fluid dynamics model of avian tracheal temperature control as a model for extant and extinct animals

Highlights • We simulate a breathing cycle in model of avian respiratory system (domestic fowl). • For simulation we use a three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics. • The heat loss in system corresponds to about 13–19% of the starvation metabolic rate. • Heat transfer results correspond to in vivo data and to two-dimensional results. • The potential of the application of the computational model to sauropoda is explored.