Selective exposure and analysis of the sheep tracheal lobe as a model for toxicological studies of respirable particles

A conscious sheep model, recently developed to study sequentially the bronchoalveolar milieu, was further refined to use in the rapid in vivo assessment of the biological effects of respirable particles. In this model, the anatomically isolated tracheal lobe was selectively exposed to either 100 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (control group of 12 sheep), 100 mg of 0.1-μm latex beads in 100 ml PBS (latex group of 12 sheep), or 100 mg of UICC Canadian chrysotile fibers in 100 ml PBS (asbestos group of 12 sheep). Bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) of the tracheal lobe were obtained prior to exposure and at Days 1, 8, 15, 21, 29, 45, and 60 after exposure. Whole-lung detailed pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed at the same times and the histopathology of the lobe was examined in six sheep in each group at Days 29 and 60. In the control sheep, there were no significant changes over time in any of the measures, and lung morphology remained normal. In the latex group, there was no significant change in PFT, the BAL analyses documented early transient increase in cellularity (macrophages and neutrophils at Day 1) and only macrophages after; lung histology documented an early macrophagic alveolitis which decreased to less than 10% of the initial inflammatory reaction at Day 60, without other distortion of the lung and airway architecture. In the asbestos sheep, the only change in whole-lung PFT was a 10-torr fall in arterial O 2 pressure. BAL analyses documented persistent increases in macrophages, neutrophils, and lactate dehydrogenase as well as increasing γ-globulins. Lung histology revealed a macrophagic and neutrophilic peribronchiolar alveolitis at Day 30, which regressed substantially by Day 60, but persistent peribronchiolar alveolitis, early fibrosis, and severe distortion of the small airways, lesions comparable to those of early asbestosis in sheep or humans. Thus selective exposure and sequential analyses of the sheep tracheal lobe in terms of BAL histomorphology should be valuable for rapid in vivo assessment of toxicity of respirable particles.