Avoiding site contamination by waste minimation

This paper presents a systematic discussion of the hierarchy of methods available for reducing or eliminating the volume or toxicity of waste that must be disposed by a manufacturing facility. This is done by examining the life cycle of waste starting from the point of generation to its ultimate disposal. Of particular importance for avoiding chemical plant site contamination is the prevention of waste generation at the source. Methods include: product reformulation, process modification, redesign of equipment, housekeeping and segregation. Case histories of 3M Company projects and programs are used as examples of how waste can be minimized or eliminated at various stages in the waste life cycle with emphasis on source reduction.