Barrett's esophagus: genetic and cell changes

The following includes commentaries on how genetic code of Barrett's esophagus (BE) patients, the mechanisms for GERD‐induced esophageal expression of caudal homeobox, and the development of Barrett's metaplasia are increasingly better known, including the role of stromal genes in oncogenesis. Additional lessons have been learned from in vitro models in nonneoplastic cell lines, yet there are limitations to what can be expected from BE‐derived cell lines. Other topics discussed include clonal diversity in Barrett's esophagus; the application of peptide arrays to clinical samples of metaplastic mucosa; proliferation and apoptosis of Barrett's cell lines; tissue biomarkers for neoplasia; and transcription factors associated with BE.