Changes in knee joint muscle activation patterns during walking associated with increased structural severity in knee osteoarthritis

Abstract Purpose To determine whether alterations in knee joint muscle activation patterns during gait were related to structural severity determined by Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) radiographic grades, for those with a moderate knee OA classification. Scope Eighty-two individuals with knee OA, classified as moderate using a functional and clinical criterion were stratified on KL-grade (KL II, KL III and KL IV). Thirty-five asymptomatic individuals were matched for age and walking velocity. Lower limb motion and surface electromyograms from rectus femoris plus lateral and medial sites for the gastrocnemii, vastii and hamstring muscles were recorded during self-selected walking. Gait velocity and characteristics from sagittal plane knee angular displacement waveforms were calculated. Principal component analysis extracted amplitude and temporal features from electromyographic waveform. Analysis of variance models tested for main effects (group, muscle) and interactions ( α = 0.05) for these features. No differences in anthropometrics, velocity, knee muscle strength and symptoms were found among the three OA groups ( p > 0.05). Specific features from medial gastrocnemius, lateral hamstring and quadriceps amplitude and temporal patterns were significantly different among OA groups ( p < 0.05). Conclusions Systematic alterations in specific knee joint muscle activation patterns were associated with increasing structural severity based on KL-grades whereas other alterations were associated with the presence of OA.