Critical importance of unsuspected findings detected by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for decision making during cardiac surgery

Aims To report the frequency of unsuspected pathologies detected by presurgical and/or postsurgical intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (IOTEE) and its impact on the extent of cardiac surgery and the number of pathologies remaining unoperated. Methods and results In a 2-year study period, 469 patients (male/female = 273/196; age 68.0 ± 11.9 years) with presurgical and/or postsurgical IOTEE out of 2,035 patients submitted for cardiac surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Presurgical IOTEE was performed in all patients referred to valve surgery or suspicious valve disease or valve diseases with open surgical decision. Postsurgical IOTEE was performed in all patients after valve surgery. Pathologies relevant for surgery were defined as valve disease of moderate degree or higher or structural disease like shunt lesions. In 464 patients (98.9 %), a total number of 757 IOTEEs were successfully performed including 351 presurgical and 384 postsurgical studies, 1-s presurgical IOTEE, 20-s postsurgical, and one-third postsurgical IOTEE. Surgically relevant unsuspected findings were detected in 33.0 % of presurgical IOTEE leading to alteration of surgery in 27.6 %. Relevant pathologies detected by postsurgical IOTEE were found in 7.8 % as remnant valvular dysfunction of the operated valve and in 12.3 % related to other structures. Relevant pathologies detected by postsurgical IOTEE finally remained unoperated in 21.2 % of patients with only postsurgical IOTEE versus only 10.7 % ( p