Comparing 3 Techniques for Eliciting Patient Values for Decision Making About Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening: A Randomized Controlled Trial

IMPORTANCE To make good decisions about prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, men must consider how they value the different potential outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of different methods of helping men consider such values. DESIGN AND SETTING Randomized trial from October 12 to 27, 2011, in the general community. PARTICIPANTS A total of 911 men aged 50 to 70 years from the United States and Australia who had average risk. Participants were drawn from online panels from a survey research firm in each country and were randomized by the survey firm to 1 of 3 values clarification methods: a balance sheet (n = 302), a rating and ranking task (n = 307), or a discrete choice experiment (n = 302). INTERVENTION Participants underwent a values clarification task and then chose the most important attribute. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome was the difference among groups in the most important attribute. Secondary outcomes were differences in unlabeled test preference and intent to undergo screening with PSA. RESULTS The mean age was 59.8 years; most participants were white and more than one-third had graduated from college. More than 40% reported a PSA test within 12 months. The participants who received the rating and ranking task were more likely to report reducing the chance of death from prostate cancer as being most important (54.4%) compared with those who received the balance sheet (35.1%) or the discrete choice experiment (32.5%) (P