Nitric oxide controls the immunopathology of tuberculosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome–dependent processing of IL-1β

Chronic infections can result in harmful production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 generated via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sassetti et al . demonstrate that IL-1 activated by Mycobacteria results in nitrosylation and consequent regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is an important mediator of innate immunity but can also promote inflammatory tissue damage. During chronic infections such as tuberculosis, the beneficial antimicrobial role of IL-1 must be balanced with the need to prevent immunopathology. By exogenously controlling the replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo , we obviated the requirement for antimicrobial immunity and discovered that both IL-1 production and infection-induced immunopathology were suppressed by lymphocyte-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This effect was mediated by nitric oxide (NO), which we found specifically inhibited assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome via thiol nitrosylation. Our data indicate that the NO produced as a result of adaptive immunity is indispensable in modulating the destructive innate inflammatory responses elicited during persistent infections.