A comparison of early sucking dynamics during breastfeeding after cesarean section and vaginal birth

The impact of cesarean section (CS) birth and pethidine for post-CS epidural analgesia on early breastfeeding behavior is unclear. This study aimed to measure infant sucking and breastfeeding behavior in infants of mothers who delivered by CS (CS group) and used pethidine patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) after CS with that of infants who were delivered by vaginal birth (V group), during secretory activation and again after the establishment of lactation. Sucking dynamics and milk intake of breastfeeding infants were assessed on approximately 3 and 20 (follow-up) days postpartum (CS group, n=19; V group, n=15). Nipple diameters, tongue movement, and nipple position during sucking were measured from ultrasound scans of the intra-oral cavity during breastfeeding. Time of the first breastfeed and day of breast fullness were recorded, and infant neurobehavior was assessed. CS infants displayed more anterior tongue movement on Day 3 than at follow-up compared with the V group, which showed a similar amount of movement at each assessment (p for interaction