Frequency and Predictors of Venous Thromboembolism in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Retrospective Review

Abstract Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially fatal complication of major abdominal operations. Liver transplantation is carried out as a treatment for end-stage liver disease (ESLD). It is not well studied whether this population is at increased or decreased risk of a VTE event after a liver transplantation. This study was to determine the frequency of VTE in this population and identify possible predictors. Methods Retrospective review of 917 patients over 15 years at a single tertiary center was conducted. Liver transplant recipients with symptomatic VTE occurring up to 1 year after liver transplantation were included. Upper and lower extremities deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was identified. The diagnosis of DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) was made by appropriate diagnostic imaging. Data regarding known risk factors of VTE such as thrombophilia, recent hospitalization, malignancy, and other comorbid conditions were collected. Results Among 917 patients, a total of 45 events occurred in 42 (4.58%) patients. Twelve had PE and 33 had DVT events. On Cox regression analysis the absence of an alcoholism diagnosis (Hazard Ratio [HR], −0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.83), the presence of diabetes (HR, −3.36; 95% CI, 1.76–6.42), a history of VTE (HR, −8.06; 95% CI, 3.37–19.3), and the presence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD; HR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.34–10.01) were significant predictors of a VTE outcome. No particular diagnosis, history of malignancy, or presence of thrombophilia were associated with increased risk of VTE. Conclusion The 4.58 % incidence of VTE is comparable with the reported incidence after major abdominal procedures (5%–10%). This data also shows that there is increased risk of VTE in transplant recipients with comorbid conditions of diabetes, previous VTE, and ESRD. This study suggests that a more aggressive strategy for prophylaxis of VTE should be used in liver transplant recipients as with other major abdominal procedures.