Physical and chemical methods used to enhance the structure and mechanical properties of protein films: A review

► Methods used to enhance the barrier properties of protein films are reviewed. ► Methods discussed: plasticization, pH alteration, lipid addition, cross-linking. ► Cross-linking methods reviewed: heat induced, chemical, enzymatic, irradiation. ► The challenges and potential applications of protein films are discussed. Efforts for developing protein films as biodegradable packaging materials have increased in recent years. One of the drawbacks of such films is that their functional properties are generally inferior to those of synthetic films. Although protein films typically have excellent gas barrier properties, they tend to have higher water vapor permeability, are mechanically weaker, and have lower elongation as compared to most synthetic polymers. This paper will review the various methods that have been reported to enhance the physical and barrier properties of protein films. The effects of film formulation and preparation conditions, including plasticization, pH alteration, and lipid addition, on the functional properties of protein films are discussed. The paper also offers a comprehensive review of the various methods used to modify protein film functional properties, including cross-linking techniques induced by heat, chemical, enzymes, and irradiation, and use of nanocomposites to enhance their barrier properties. A critical comparison of the different technical solutions is offered, and the challenges and potential applications of these films are discussed.