A Gene-Fusion Approach to Enabling Plant Cytochromes P450 for Biocatalysis

Cytochromes P450 from plants have the potential to be valuable catalysts for industrial hydroxylation reactions, but their application is hindered by poor solubility, the lack of suitable expression systems and the requirement of P450s for auxiliary redox‐transport proteins for the delivery of reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H. In the interests of enabling useful P450 activity from plants, we have developed a suite of vectors for the expression of plant P450s as non‐natural genetic fusions with reductase proteins. First, we have fused the P450 isoflavone synthase (IFS) from Glycine max with the bacterial P450 reductase domain (Rhf‐RED) from Rhodococcus sp., by using our LICRED vector developed previously (F. Sabbadin, R. Hyde, A. Robin, E.‐M. Hilgarth, M. Delenne, S. Flitsch, N. Turner, G. Grogan, N. C. Bruce, ChemBioChem 2010, 11, 987–994) creating the first active bacterial–plant fusion P450 enzyme. We have then created a complementary vector, ACRyLIC for the fusion of selected plant P450 enzymes to the P450 reductase ATR2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The applicability of this vector to the creation of active P450 fusion enzymes was demonstrated using both IFS1 and the cinnamate‐4‐hydroxylase (C4H) from A. thaliana. Overall the fusion vector systems will allow the rapid creation of libraries of plant P450s with the aim of identifying enzyme activities with possible applications in industrial biocatalysis. Redox‐self‐sufficient plant P450s: Fusing modified plant cytochromes P450 to their native reductases or to a bacterial P450 reductase Rhf provides a promising technology platform for expression of soluble plant P450s in E. coli. The fusion vector system will allow the rapid creation of libraries of plant P450s with possible applications in industrial biocatalysis.